Baidu World Technology Conference (Press Release).

Baidu, Inc. (/ ˈbaɪduː/ BY-doo; Chinese: 百度; pinyin: Bǎidù; lit. ‘hundred times’) is a Chinese international innovation company specializing in Internet services and artificial intelligence. It holds a dominant position in China’s online search engine market (through Baidu Search), and supplies a variety of other internet services such as Baidu App (Baidu’s flagship app for search and newsfeed), Baidu Baike (an online encyclopedia), iQIYI (a video streaming service), and Baidu Tieba (a keyword-based discussion online forum).

Besides its core internet search service, Baidu has actually diversified into a number of high-growth locations. The company is a leading player in autonomous driving (Baidu Apollo), [3] and wise customer electronic devices (Xiaodu). [4] With over a decade of financial investment in expert system, Baidu is among the couple of tech companies globally to provide a full-stack AI stack, consisting of software, chips, cloud infrastructure, structure designs, and applications. [5]

The holding company of the group is incorporated in the Cayman Islands. [2] Baidu was integrated in January 2000 by Robin Li and Eric Xu. Baidu has origins in RankDex, an earlier online search engine developed by Robin Li in 1996, before he established Baidu in 2000. [6] The business is headquartered in Beijing’s Haidian District. [7]

In December 2007, Baidu ended up being the first Chinese business to be consisted of in the NASDAQ-100 index. [8] As of May 2018, Baidu’s market cap rose to US$ 99 billion. [9] [10] [11] In October 2018, Baidu became the very first Chinese company to join the United States-based computer system ethics consortium Partnership on AI. [12] During the 2020s, Baidu has progressively concentrated on generative AI associated items. [13]

The Chinese government views Baidu as one of its nationwide champion corporations. [14]:156 -157

Early development

In 1994, Robin Li (Pinyin: Li Yanhong, Chinese: 李彦宏) joined IDD Information Services, a New Jersey department of Dow Jones and Company, where he helped develop software application for the online edition of The Wall Street Journal. [15] He also dealt with developing much better algorithms for online search engine and remained at IDD Information Services from May 1994 to June 1997.

In 1996, while at IDD, Li established the RankDex site-scoring algorithm for search engines results page ranking [6] [16] [17] and got a United States patent for the technology. [18] Launched in 1996, [6] RankDex was the first online search engine that used links to measure the quality of websites it was indexing. [19] Li referred to his search mechanism as « link analysis, » which included ranking the appeal of a web website based upon how many other sites had actually connected to it. [20] It preceded the comparable PageRank algorithm used by Google two years later in 1998; [21] Google founder Larry Page referenced Li’s work as a in a few of his U.S. patents for PageRank. [6] [21] [22] Li later on utilized his RankDex technology for the Baidu search engine.

Baidu was integrated on 18 January 2000 by Robin Li and Eric Xu. [7] In 2001, Baidu enabled marketers to bid for advertisement area then pay Baidu whenever a customer clicked on an ad, preceding Google’s approach to marketing. [20] In 2003, Baidu launched a news search engine and picture online search engine, embracing an unique recognition technology efficient in recognizing and grouping the articles. [23]

2005: Public Listing on NASDAQ

Baidu went public on Wall Street through a variable interest entity (VIE) based in the Cayman Islands on 5 August 2005. [24]

In 2007, Chinese government and Chinese industry sources specified that Baidu received a license from Beijing, which allows the search engine to become a full-fledged news site. Thus Baidu has the ability to supply its own reports, besides revealing specific outcomes as an online search engine. Baidu was the very first Chinese online search engine to receive such a license. [25]

Baidu began its Japanese language search service, run by Baidu Japan, the company’s very first regular service beyond China in 2008. [26] The Japanese search engine closed on 16 March 2015. [27]

On 31 July 2012, Baidu announced that it would coordinate with Sina to provide mobile search engine result. [28]

On 18 November 2012, Baidu announced that it would be partnering with Qualcomm to use free cloud storage to Android users with Snapdragon processors. [29]

On 2 August 2013, Baidu introduced its Personal Assistant app, designed to help CEOs, managers and the white-collar workers manage their service relationships. [30]

On 16 May 2014, Baidu selected Dr. Andrew Ng as primary scientist. Dr. Ng will lead Baidu Research in Silicon Valley and Beijing. [31]

On 18 July 2014, the business released a Brazilian version of the online search engine, Baidu Busca. [32]

On 9 October 2014, Baidu revealed acquisition of Brazilian regional e-commerce website Peixe Urbano. [33]

2017: Launch of Autonomous Driving Business

In April 2017, Baidu announced the launch of its Apollo task (Apolong), a self-driving lorry platform, in a bid to help drive the advancement of self-governing cars consisting of vehicle platform, hardware platform, open-source software application platform and cloud data services. [34] Baidu plans to introduce this job in July 2017, before slowly introducing completely self-governing driving capabilities on highways and open city roadways by 2020. [35] In September 2017, Baidu released a $1.5 billion autonomous driving fund to buy as numerous as 100 self-governing driving projects over the taking place 3 years. [36] At the same time, Apollo open-source software variation 1.5 was likewise introduced. [37]

In June 2017, Baidu partnered with Continental and Bosch, auto industry suppliers, on automated driving and connected cars. [38]

In July 2017, Baidu GBU got in into a collaboration with Snap Inc. to act as the company’s official ad reseller for Snapchat in Greater China, South Korea, Japan and Singapore. [39] The partnership was extended in 2019. [40]

In September 2017, Baidu rolled out a brand-new portable talking translator that can listen and speak in a number of different languages. Smaller than a normal smart device, the 140-gram translation device can also be utilized as a portable Wi-Fi router and is able to operate on networks in 80 countries. It is still under advancement. Baidu will likewise be inserting expert system (AI) technology into smartphones, through its deep learning platform. [41] [42] At the very same duration, it has likewise led a joint financial investment of US$ 12billion with Alibaba Group, Tencent, JD.com and Didi Chuxing, obtaining 35% of China Unicom’s stakes. [43] [44] [45]

In October 2017, according to The Wall Street Journal, Baidu would launch self-driving buses in China in 2018. [46] [47] In the same month, Baidu announced that its first annual Baidu World innovation conference (Bring AI to Life) would be held and live-streamed on 16 November 2017, at China World Summit Wing and Kerry Hotel, uniting Baidu executives, workers, partners, designers, and media to discuss the business’s mission and strategy, innovation breakthroughs, brand-new product developments, and its open artificial-intelligence (AI) environment. [48]

China’s government designated Baidu as one of its « AI champs » in 2018. [49]:281

In 2018, Baidu divested the « Global DU company » part of its overseas company, which established a series of utility apps consisting of ES File Explorer, DU Caller, Mobojoy, Photo Wonder and DU Recorder, etc. [50] This company now operates separately of Baidu under the name DO Global. [51]

2021: Hong Kong Secondary Listing

In March 2021, Baidu secured a secondary listing on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, raising $3.1 billion. This marked the biggest homecoming for a U.S.-traded Chinese business in Hong Kong considering that JD.com’s noting the previous June.

In August 2021 Baidu revealed a brand-new Robocar idea said to be efficient in Level 5 autonomous driving. [52] It also includes the most recent second-generation AI chip that can analyse the internal and external environments to supply predictive recommendations to proactively serve the needs of guests.

In June 2022, Jidu Auto, an intelligent electric car business originally backed by Baidu and Geely unveiled its first concept ROBO-01 in the kind of a pre-production lorry. The ROBO-01 rides on the Sustainable Experience Architecture (SEA) platform, a modular electrical car platform developed by Geely Holding. [53]

In August 2023, Baidu unveiled its ChatGPT-equivalent language model Ernie Bot openly. [54] In October 2023, Baidu released a more recent version Ernie 4.0 chatbot. [55]

As of April 2024, Apollo Go, Baidu’s autonomous ride-hailing service, had actually completed 6 million rides using driverless robotaxis across 11 cities. The service operates a fleet of over 400 driverless vehicles in Wuhan. [56]

Domain name redirection attack

On 12 January 2010, Baidu.com’s DNS records in the United States were altered such that browsers to baidu.com were redirected to a website professing to be the Iranian Cyber Army, believed to lag the attack on Twitter throughout the 2009 Iranian election protests, making the correct site unusable for 4 hours. [57] Internet users were met a page saying « This website has actually been attacked by Iranian Cyber Army ». [58] Chinese hackers later responded by attacking Iranian sites and leaving messages. [59] Baidu later released legal action against Register.com for gross carelessness after it was revealed that Register.com’s technical support personnel altered the e-mail address for Baidu.com on the request of an unnamed individual, in spite of failing security confirmation treatments. Once the address had been altered, the person was able to utilize the forgotten password feature to have Baidu’s domain passwords sent straight to them, enabling them to accomplish the domain hijacking. [60] [61] The lawsuit was settled out of court under undisclosed terms after Register.com issued an apology. [62]

Baidu workers detained

On 6 August 2012, the BBC reported that three staff members of Baidu were arrested on suspicion that they accepted kickbacks. The allurements were supposedly spent for erasing posts from the forum service. Four people were fired in connection with these arrests. [63]

91 Wireless acquisition

On 16 July 2013, Baidu announced its intention to acquire 91 Wireless from NetDragon. 91 Wireless is best known for its app store, but it has actually been reported that the app store faces privacy and other legal issues. [64] On 14 August 2013, Baidu announced that its completely owned subsidiary Baidu (Hong Kong) Limited has signed a definitive merger arrangement to acquire 91 Wireless Web-soft Limited from NetDragon Web-soft Inc. [65] for$1.85 billion in what was reported to be the greatest offer ever in China’s IT sector. [66]

Name

The name Baidu (百度) actually indicates « a hundred times », or alternatively, « countless times ». It is a quote from the last line of Xin Qiji’s (辛弃疾) classical poem « Green Jade Table in The Lantern Festival » (青玉案 · 元夕) stating: « Having searched hundreds of times in the crowd, suddenly turning back, she is there in the dimmest candlelight. » (众里寻他千百度, 蓦然回首, 那人却在灯火阑珊处 。) [67] [68]

Services

Qunar (Qunar Cayman Islands Limited), travel-booking service managed by Baidu. Since 2013, Qunar had 31.4 million active users and raised $167 Million at its going public that year. [69] It is listed at NASDAQ. [70]
Advertisements

Baidu’s main advertising product is called Baidu Tuiguang and is comparable to Google Ads and AdSense. It is a pay per click advertising platform that allows marketers to have their advertisements displayed in Baidu search engine result pages and on other websites that belong to Baidu Union. However, Baidu’s search results page are likewise based on payments by marketers. This has actually prompted criticism and skepticism among Chinese users, with People’s Daily commenting in 2018 on concerns concerning reliability of Baidu outcomes. Often as many as the very first 2 pages of search engine result tend to be paid marketers. [71]

Baidu sells its marketing items through a network of resellers. [72] Baidu’s web administrative tools are all in Chinese, making it tough for non-Chinese speakers to utilize. In 2012, a third-party business developed a tool with an interface in English for marketing on Baidu. [73] [74] Advertisers on Baidu need to have a signed up business address either in China or in defined East Asian nations. [75]

Competition

Baidu [76] competes with Sogou, Google Search, 360 Search (www.so.com), Yahoo! China, Microsoft’s Bing and MSN Messenger, Sina, NetEase’s Youdao and PaiPai, Alibaba’s Taobao, TOM Online, DuckDuckGo, and EachNet.

Baidu is the most secondhand online search engine in China, controlling 76.05 percent of China’s market share. The number of Internet users in China had reached 705 million by the end of 2015, according to a report by the internetlivestats.com. [77]

In an August 2010 Wall Street Journal short article, [78] Baidu soft-pedaled its gain from Google’s having moved its China search service to Hong Kong, however Baidu’s share of income in China’s search-advertising market grew 6 portion points in the 2nd quarter to 70%, according to Beijing-based research company Analysys International.

It is also evident that Baidu is trying to enter the Internet social media market. Since 2011 [update], it is talking about the possibility of working with Facebook, which would cause a Chinese variation of the worldwide social media network, handled by Baidu. [79] This plan, if performed, would take on Baidu with competitors from the 3 popular Chinese socials media Qzone, Renren [80] and Kaixin001 [81] along with cause competition with instant-messaging giant, Tencent QQ. [82]

On 22 February 2012, Hudong sent a grievance to the State Administration for Industry and Commerce asking for an evaluation of the habits of Baidu, implicating it of being monopolistic. [83]

By August 2014, Baidu’s search market share in China dropped to 56.3%, where Qihoo 360, its closest competitor who has rebranded its search engine as so.com, has actually increased its market share to 29.0%, according to report from CNZZ.com. [84]

In February 2015, Baidu was alleged to have used anticompetitive methods in Brazil against the Brazilian online security firm PSafe and Qihoo 360 (the biggest investor of PSafe). [85] [86]

In an ongoing competitors in AI natural language processing called General Language Understanding Evaluation, otherwise called GLUE, Baidu took a lead over Microsoft and Google in December 2019. [87]

Research and patents

Baidu has started to buy deep learning research and is integrating brand-new deep knowing technology into some of its apps and products, consisting of Phoenix Nest. Phoenix Nest is Baidu’s ad-bidding platform. [88]

In April 2012 Baidu JDC long live looked for a patent for its « DNA copyright acknowledgment » technology. This innovation instantly scans files that are published by Internet users, and recognizes and removes content that might breach copyright law. This enables Baidu to provide an infringement-free platform. [89] [90]

In April 2022, Baidu revealed they acquired permits from China to offer the first driverless taxis. The business aim to supply driverless ride-hailing services to the public and have 10 self-governing cars set to begin offering trips to passengers within a 23-square-mile area in suburban begin beginning 28 April 2022. [91]

In July 2022, Baidu revealed the Apollo RT6, a driverless automobile that is prepared to sign up with Baidu’s driverless fleet in 2023. [92]

According to the China Digital Times, Baidu has a long history of being the most active and restrictive online censor in the search arena. Documents dripped in April 2009 from a staff member in Baidu’s internal monitoring and censorship department show a long list of blocked websites and censored subjects on Baidu search. [93]

In May 2011, activists sued Baidu in the United States for violating the U.S. Constitution by the censorship it performs in accord with the demand of the Chinese government. [94] A U.S. judge has ruled [95] that the Chinese search engine Baidu has the right to obstruct works from its question results under flexibility of speech rights, dismissing a suit that looked for to punish the company. [96] [97]

In 2017, Baidu began collaborating with the Chinese Ministry of Public Security along with 372 Internet police departments to spot information related to « anti-government rumors » and then flooding « Baidu-linked web websites, news websites and devices with alerts eliminating misinformation. » [98] This was done utilizing natural language processing, big data and expert system. [98]

As part of the COVID-19 pandemic, Chinese regulators advised Baidu, along with other Internet business, to « carry out unique supervision » on news and info related to the disease. [99]

In November 2022, Sustainalytics reduced Baidu to « non-compliant » with the United Nations Global Compact concepts due to complicity with censorship. [100]

Controversies

Death of Wei Zexi

In 2016, Baidu’s P4P search results apparently added to the death of a student who tried an experimental cancer treatment he found online. The 21-year-old college student was named Wèi Zéxī (魏则西), who studied in Xidian University. Wei was detected with synovial sarcoma, an uncommon type of cancer. He found the Second Hospital of the Beijing Armed Police Corps (武警北京市总队第二医院) through the online search engine Baidu, on which the health center had actually been promoting itself. [101] The treatment proved unsuccessful and Wèi died in April 2016. [101]

After Wei’s household invested around 200,000 yuan (around US$ 31,150) for treatment in the medical facility, Wei Zexi passed away on 12 April 2016. The incident triggered massive online conversations after Wei’s death. [102] On 2 May 2016, Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC), the leading watchdog for China’s Internet space, dispatched a team of detectives to Baidu. [103] The case is still continuous. One report declared medical marketing makes up for 30% of Baidu’s advertisement profits, much of which originates from for-profit medical facilities that come from the « Putian Network », a collection of hospitals throughout the country established by medical business owners related to the Putian area of Fujian province. [104] The investigation led Chinese regulators to enforce several limitations on Baidu, consisting of including disclaimers to marketing content and developing channels for problems about Baidu services. [105] In addition, Baidu’s search function now largely directs users to contents published on platforms under Baidu’s control, leading Chinese media scholar Fang Kecheng to announce that « Search engine Baidu is dead ». [106]

Commercialization of Tieba

Baidu sold the hemophilia online neighborhood, among the communities of Tieba, to unqualified health centers. In January 2016, Baidu announced that it will stop selling all of its illness-related Tieba. [107] On 12 January, Baidu officially announced to the general public that all Baidu Tieba for all types of diseases will totally stop industrial cooperation and will just be open to reliable public well-being organizations. In response to Baidu’s choice, Lin Jinlong, president of the Hunan Medical and Health Industry Association, stated that personal health centers have gotten in a period of market improvement and updating, and are neither based on publishing bar ads nor relying on competitive rankings anymore, so Baidu’s choice will not have an unfavorable impact on the market. [108]

DO Global subsidiary ad-fraud in downloaded apps

On 20 April 2019, it was reported that numerous applications for Android gadgets developed by the subsidiary business, DO Global (formerly DU Group), were surreptitiously running profits enhancing background programs on user devices considering that a minimum of 2016. [109] These programs, part of 6 known applications developed by the company, and downloaded hundreds of millions times, were clicking on internet advertisements – even when the devices were idle, and unbeknownst to end users, to increase revenue produced by « clicks ». [109] Just among the apps, all of which were offered on Google Play Store, had been downloaded 50 million times alone and carried a user ranking of 4.5 stars by 10s of thousands. [109]

Google banned DO Global and more than 100 of its apps from the Google Play Store on 26 April 2019. [110] [111] DO Global was likewise prohibited from Google’s AdMob Network. [110] Apps from another designer, ES Global, including the ES File Explorer, that were owned by DO Global were prohibited from the Play Store and the account was suspended. [112] [113] [114] [115] [116] [117] [118]

Block in India

In August 2020, following the 2020 China-India skirmishes, Baidu was one of numerous Chinese sites that were prohibited or obstructed in India for nationwide security reasons. [119]

2024 head of interactions controversy

In May 2024, Baidu’s former vice president and head of interactions Qu Jing [zh] (Chinese: 璩静) triggered major backlashes throughout the Chinese social media for endorsing hazardous workplace culture, where, according to a Douyin video, she has actually asked a coworker to be on a 50-day company journey during the COVID-19 pandemic. [120] The report has actually excited further conversations amongst Chinese netizens regarding Baidu’s business governance and internal culture. Qu openly said sorry after the event and has actually allegedly lost her job. Baidu’s stock rate fell 2.17% in Hong Kong following the event. [121] [122]

Panguso.
Tencent.
Sogou.
Alibaba.
Google.
Intellectual residential or commercial property in the People’s Republic of China.
Software market in China.
Comparison of web online search engine.
List of search engines.
List of online search engine by appeal.

China.

Companies.

Internet.

Technology.

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Further reading

– Lee, Melanie (19 January 2010). « NEWSMAKER-Baidu creator guidelines China’s Web with pragmatism ». Reuters.
– Udeze, Chuka (26 March 2012). « Baidu Search to be Integrated by Apple on iOS Devices ».
– Kohout, Martin (30 October 2014). « Spyware Baidu to Sony Xperia mobile phones ».